Healthcare Inequalities Understanding The Disparities...

Healthcare Inequalities: Understanding the Disparities Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Patients Face Kelsey Patience Creighton University Abstract: Sexual and social stigmas largely affect the health of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) population. While many reports from the Institute of Medicine, Healthy People 2020 and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality recognize a need to improve the quality of health care, barriers still remain. LGBT patients face legal discrimination, especially with insurance, a lack of social programs, and limited access to providers competent in LGBT health care. Although the Affordable Care Act increased access to care for LGBT patients, unless these patients feel understood by providers and develop trust in the system, they are not likely to utilize care. Healthcare providers need to recognize how these vulnerabilities, as well as persistent racism and stigma linked to sexual orientation and gender identity, make the healthcare needs of LGBT patients more challenging than the general population. Healthcare providers also need to promote cultural competence within this popul ation and broaden their clinical lens to include health promotion, in addition to addressing concerns mentioned above within the population. Additionally, medical and nursing schools need to ensure that future providers are adequately educated by including information about this population in the curriculum. Keywords:Show MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSatisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human

Obesity Is A Medical Condition - 1708 Words

Part 1 Obesity is a medical condition where there is the accumulation of excess fat in the body such that the individual’s health is affected negatively resulting in an increase in health problems and a reduced life expectancy. The measurement of obesity is with the use of the BMI where the individual’s weight is divided by their height square, and this should not be above 30kg/m2. In the United States, obesity remains the one of the leading cause of death as it is associated with heart disease (Cdc.gov, 2015). There are more that 35% rates of obesity in the USA according to the data released in 2015 with West Virginia, Arkansas, and Mississippi being the most prevalent cities. There are rates above 30% in twenty-two states, rates above†¦show more content†¦Lack of energy balance is one of the major causes of obesity where the energy taken in through consumption of food and drinks is more as compared to the energy used through physical activities (Bleich, Cutler, Murr ay Adams, 2013). The foods and drinks are associated with increased energy are calories, processed foods high in sugar and fat, consumption of too much alcohol and sugary drinks, and comfort eating. Obesity is also associated with lack of physical inactivity as the extra calories stored in the body is not broken. Genetics and family history is the physiological factor where some of the genes in a family affect the way fat is stored and where the extra fat is stored. Obesity is also associated with health conditions like hormone problems including polycystic ovarian syndrome, Cushing’s syndrome, and hypothyroidism. There are medicines like antidepressants, corticosteroids, and anti-seizures that lead to increased weight. Social factors like poverty lead to people purchasing high-calories processed foods as they cost less. Lack of recreation areas reduce the chances of exercise (Bleich, Cutler, Murray Adams, 2013). Among the adult population, there are consequences of obesity ranging from physical, social, and psychological effects. Physical consequences of obesity ranges are high BP, type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, joint problems including arthritis, problems with the

Ethic in Counseling - 4546 Words

Abstract It is the purpose of this paper to address the topic of ethics in group counseling. This author will define what group ethics is according to the psychological organizations such as the American Counseling Association (ACA), and the Association of Specialist in Group Work (ASGW). This author will also address what the American Association of Christian Counselor (AACC) has to say about the ethical standards for Christian Counseling. To effectively practice ethically group therapy a counselor needs to internalize the morals, values, and behavioral makeup of each individual within the group. This paper will also look at the comparison between group and individual psychotherapy and why a counselor will choose between the two. The†¦show more content†¦Finally, and perhaps most important, the ACA ethical code serves to protect this covenantal relationship as it continues to evolve† (p.121). By looking at counseling relationships as a covenant between the counselor and cli ent the counselor will then respect the welfare and the dignity of their client. Ethics in Group Therapy Corey Corey (2006) state that counselors need to have a â€Å"thorough grounding in ethical issues is as essential as a solid base of psychological knowledge and skills† (p. 64). They found that groups have been responsible in bring about change in the members and that the profession of mental acknowledged its effectiveness late in the counseling profession. According to Markus and King (2003) they found that group therapy has been seem effective treatment modality for some psychological and psychiatric disorders and issues. Professional organizations have seen the importance in developing ethical standards for counselor who will provide group psychotherapy due to the group may experience different ethical issues than individual therapy. Fallon (2006) found that there are two areas that need to be addressed, the group’s rights and what the responsibilities for the group leader. Kocet (2006) states that for a counselor to be effective they need to have a solidShow Mor eRelatedEthics : The Ethics Of Counseling1308 Words   |  6 Pagesthe ethics of counseling in groups, one must first understand the term â€Å"ethics†. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the term ethics can be defined as, â€Å"rules of behavior based on ideas about what is morally good and bad† By establishing a code of ethics, professionals are aware of what can be expected from them, as far as morals and values are concerned, in order to avoid behavior that can be determined unethical. Counseling is most certainly a profession in which a code of ethics are establishedRead MoreEthics in Counseling1333 Words   |  6 PagesEthics In Counseling Ivan C. Brooks Jr. Capella University Suicidal thoughts typical stem from some trauma that one might be subjected to sometime in their lives. Suicide is not the answer but sometimes its what people seek for to obtain closure. I will discuss a situation where a sexual relations what used to rationalize an inappropriate and ethically wrong situation by a counselor. This is taken direct from the text: Dorothy, age 23, seeks counseling from Gerald, an LPC in privateRead MoreEthics, Counseling, And Counseling Practice891 Words   |  4 PagesAt some point in counseling, counselors will be faced with the decision to proceed in an ethical manner when situations arise. In spite of personal opinions, the use of ethical practice provides guidance, balance, and integrity in the counseling field. The use of the Gallagher survey reported deficiencies in counseling practice centers â€Å"between 1986 and 2008 where a total of 86 counseling centers had been the target of at least one lawsuit or another legal challenge due to unethical practices†Read MoreEssay on Counseling Ethics804 Words   |  4 Pagespracticing. And even with all this; â€Å"It is more helpful and effective to work within the framework of an established theory†¦practicing counseling without an explicit theoretical rational is somewhat like flying a plane without a map and without instruments. Theoretical orientation should not be a rigid structure that prescribes the specific steps of what to do in counseling, rather, theory should be a set of guidelines that counselors can use to make sense of what they are doing† (Collins1991, 90). ItRead MoreEssay on Counseling Ethics1249 Words   |  5 PagesMETA-ETHICS: Meta-ethics is the branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, and ethical statements, attitudes, and judgments. Meta-ethics as a discipline gained attention with G.E. Moores famous work Principia Ethica from 1903 in which Moore first addressed what he referred to as the naturalistic fallacy. Moores rebuttal of naturalistic ethics, his Open Question Argument sparked an interest within the analytic branch of western philosophy to concern oneself withRead MoreThe Ethics Of Group Counseling885 Words   |  4 PagesEthics in Group Counseling According to the American Counseling Association (ACA, 2014) Code of Ethics, ethical principles are based on a set of values that include autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity, and veracity. These ethics apply to all types of counseling, including both group and individual therapy; however, different aspects of these ethical guidelines must be considered based on the therapeutic approach. This paper will identify several of these ethical issues asRead MoreEthics in Multicultural Counseling3154 Words   |  13 PagesEthical Issues in Multicultural Counseling Abstract In the past, counselors have lacked the knowledge and skills to interpret ethical guidelines in multicultural counseling. The ethical guidelines dictate how a counselor should have the necessary tools when conducting a counseling session. There is a shortfall of training and education when dealing with race, ethnicity, and cultural backgrounds in today’s society. Ethics is a hot topic for counselors, partially because there are so many differentRead MoreThe Ethics Of Group Counseling Essay2508 Words   |  11 PagesEthics in Group Counseling Group counseling may be adverted to as a course of counseling, which takes a group of people coming together under one or more trained therapists, who simultaneously facilitate them and promote them to help one another to overcome their challenges. The group members are usually peers who may not necessarily face the same problem, but their problems may be linked. According to Jacobs, Masson, Harvill and Schimmel (2012), all members in a counseling group wish and desireRead MoreEssay on Ethics in Counseling1788 Words   |  8 Pages In â€Å"How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living,† author Rushworth M. Kidder defined ethics as: The capacity to recognize the nature of moral challenges and respond with a will tuned conscience. Counselors are continually faced with the realization that ethical decision-making is an evolutionary process that requires continual open mindedness and an ability to be self-critical. They must possess the abi lity to recognize their own issues including, counter-transferenceRead MoreChristian Counseling Ethics1839 Words   |  8 PagesSummarize the five ethical guidelines for integrating spirituality into counseling. Discuss the ethical concerns that each guideline is attempting to address. According to Craig Cashwell and J. Young (2011) one of the five ethical guidelines are (1) Religion and spirituality are widely practiced in the United States - â€Å"researchers have found that 96% of people leaving in the United States believe in a higher power, more than 90% pray, 69% are members of a religious community† (p. 13). Furthermore

Hamlets View on Death in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay

Hamlets View on Death in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Hamlet is scared because he does not know what happens after you die. He is not afraid to die, but he will not kill himself because he is afraid that he will go to hell. In act 3 scene 3, Hamlet shows his belief in the bible by not killing his father while he is in prayer. He says, HAMLET â€Å"A villain kills my father; and for that, I, his sole son, do this same villain send To heaven†. According to the bible, if you repent of your sins you will be forgiven and go to heaven when you die, Hamlet believes this and that is why he does not kill Claudius in this scene. Another reason he does not kill his Claudius based on the reason above, he will not give Claudius the glory of†¦show more content†¦He also learns that the reason his father is in this place is because he was murdered before he could repent of his sins. Hamlet feels that he has some duty as the ghost’s son to revenge him in hopes that it will fulfill his father’s journey to heaven or hell, because the current state that he is in seems worse than either of those. Hamlet may also think that Denmark is a place between heaven and hell as his father is in another place between heaven and hell. A quote from act 2 scene 2 shows this, â€Å"HAMLET Denmarks a prison. ROSENCRANTZ Then is the world one. HAMLET A goodly one; in which there are many confines, wards and dungeons, Denmark being one o the worst.† Here, Hamlet refers to Denmark as a prison, where he cannot escape. It seems as though he wants to get away from the new king and get out of being prince. Or he sees the world as a prison keeping him from reaching heaven, like some kind of other hell that is not purely hell nor heaven. But he ensures that the whole world isn’t a hellish prison, but you can infer from him saying Denmark is the worst prison, that it is the most hell-like place on earth in his mind. The gravedigger scene in act 5 scene 1 shows the most about how Hamlet feels about death. Hamlet refers to the skulls he finds belonging to other people and their past lives. HAMLET â€Å"That skull had a tongue in it, and could sing once: how the knave jowls it to theShow MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, written by William Shakespeare, with out a doubt holds the most famous soliloquy in English history spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i, lines 57-90. This soliloquy holds much importance to the play as a whole because it ties together the reoccurring themes of suicide and Hamlet’s inaction portrayed by Shakespeare. Hamlet poses a problem, which is the driving force of the play: â€Å"To be or not to be?†(III.i.57). Shakespeare uses this logical question asked by Hamlet to drive out his underlyingRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreSoliloquies in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay1042 Words   |  5 Pagesused to reveal the innermost thoughts of a character. Shakespeare uses soliloquies to expose fascinating insights into the thoughts and actions of Hamlet and in doing so: the readers can grasp his character. The first soliloquy of the play, introduces the main theme for the rest of hamlet’s thoughts and actions, this soliloquy allows the audience to understand hamlets inner thoughts that are repetitive throughout the play. Secondly, Hamlet’s famous soliloquy â€Å"to be or not to be† portrays him as aRead MoreHamlet’s Struggle with Life and Death1005 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet’s Struggle with Life and Death In Act III, scene I of Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the thematic imagery, along with the symbolic use of syntax and diction that Shakespeare uses helps convey Hamlet’s state of mind as troubled and as having a painful view to life which, overall, is subtly expressed with weakness as he talked about death. Death is a major theme in Hamlet and through Shakespeare’s astonishing words in his â€Å"To be, or not to be,† soliloquy; it is obvious that Hamlet is conveyedRead MoreHamlets Fatal Flaw Essay688 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeare’s Hamlet is an interesting play in many ways. The character Hamlet is particularly intriguing in regards to his fatal flaw. Hamlet’s fatal flaw is a specific trait that forces him to postpone killing the king and it is this trait that drives Hamlet mad (Shakespeare 1.4.23-38). This Shakespearean tragedy is open to many interpretations of Hamlet’s fatal flaw. Two recent film productions of the play, Kenneth Branaugh’s Hamlet and the Zeffirelli’s Hamlet, each show a different fatal flawRead More There is No Ghost in William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay examples646 Words   |  3 PagesThere is No Ghost in William Shakespeares Hamlet    Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare in the seventeenth century, is a tragedy of great proportion and great debate. When the play begins, Hamlet is moping around at home. His father recently died, his mother sinfully married her brother-in-law, and he was cheated out of the throne by his ambitious uncle. He is angry and bitter, and after initial skepticism, is more than willing to accept the ghost who seems to resemble his deceasedRead More The Many Faces of Hamlet Essay1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe Many Faces of Hamlet         Ã‚  Ã‚  Of all the characters in the play, Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character of Hamlet is without a doubt the most complex. His emotions are never stable, his feelings are constantly changing, and his behavior is confusing and inconsistent. Hamlet is described as a half a dozen characters rolled into one (Shaw 344) and with as many adjectives in one sentence as cruel, angry, tender, depressed, clownish, manic, and filled with loathing for women, humanityRead MoreInterpretation of Conflict within Hamlet1684 Words   |  7 Pagesreasons. Within Act 3, Scene 4 of Hamlet, Shakespeare provides little direction by which the scene should be interpreted, but the play, taken in its entirety, proposes a certain way in which Hamlet and Gertrude express their emotions. This has led to distinctive cinematic interpretations of this scene, all in which portray the storyline in a unique way. Kenneth Branagh’s version of the closet scene provides a more realistic portrayal of the conflict between Hamlet and Gertrude than the Gregory DovanRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1077 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as William Shakespeare have 4dictated their works in a way that allows for them to integrate common occurrences of new psychological findings into a text, giving them an opportunity to sculpt characters that differentiate themselves from one another. Psychoanalytical Criticism is the application of psychological studies incorporated into the findings of contemporary literature, principles founded by Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan are most commonly referred to in these texts. Hamlet is an identityRead MoreSuicide Soliloquy in Hamlet Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare is a famous English playwright. His play Hamlet centers around Hamlets decision on how to seek revenge for his father’s death. However, Hamlet is unsure of what course of action he wants to take to exact his revenge. He discusses the idea of suicide as a possi ble option in his â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy. In this soliloquy, Shakespeare uses metaphors, rhetorical questions, and repetition to express Hamlet’s indecision regarding what he should do. Shakespeare uses metaphors

Lab Report On The Concentration Of Haemoglobin - 2734 Words

Practical Session 2 Experiment carried out on 09/02/2015 Sarah Craig- B00631238 Report submission date 27/02/2015 Investigating haemoglobin (Hb) concentration in blood samples using the haemoglobincyanide method and in foetal haemoglobin samples Introduction The aim of this experiment was to determine the concentration of haemoglobin in an unknown blood sample using the haemoglobincyanide method and to adapt this method to determine percentage haemoglobin F (foetal haemoglobin) in an unknown sample, and to understand the relevance of these tests in the calculation of Hb concentration. Haemoglobin is a protein molecule found in red blood cells (RBC). Its role in the body is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body s tissues and then returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. The transportation of oxygen is only possible when haemoglobin (Hb) within the RBC binds to oxygen. (Martini Nath, 2006) Haemoglobin has complex quaternary structures. The normal adult haemoglobin (Hb) molecule contains two alpha-globulin chains and two beta-globulin chains. In foetuses and infants, the haemoglobin molecule is made up of two alpha chains and two gamma chains, but as the infant grows, the gamma chains are gradually replaced by beta chains, forming the normal adult haemoglobin structure. Foetal haemoglobin can bind oxygen more readily. This means the developing foetus can ‘steal’ oxygen from the mother through the bloodstream at the placenta.Show MoreRelated Disease Resistance and the Immune Modulatory Effects on Nile Tilapia 1067 Words   |  4 Pagespotentially probiotic bacteria, but probably the most well documented are LAB [41]. Among LAB, lactobacilli strains have been the focus of much interest. Since, the immune system modulation strongly dependent on the metabolites they produce, such as proteolysis, could release peptides that may (or may not) interact with immune cells to induce distinct immunomodulatory response [42]. Though only few strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), especially Lactobacillus, have been isolated from marine environmentsRead MoreA Brief Note On Coagulation Screening And Corrections Practical3140 Words   |  13 PagesHaematology and Transfusion Science Practical Proforma Semester 1 2014 Student Number: 13006788 Haematology Practical 1 Haemostasis: Coagulation Screening Corrections Practical Using the data generated in the practical session you will write a report below consisting of an: Introduction - (10 marks) Introduce the utility of coagulation, the theory behind the tests and the clinical relevance of the tests. Results- (10 marks) Present your data appropriately with normal ranges stated for allRead MoreThe Effect Of Caffeine On The Heart Rate Of Daphnia2723 Words   |  11 Pages Abstract In this experiment we find how caffeine can affect the heart rate of a culture Daphnia. Heart rate of a living organism’s can vary depending on the individual, age, body size, heart conditions, medication use and even temperature. This report will examine if the caffeine is good or bad for the living organism’s health and body. And discuss about where the caffeine is produced and used in daily life of human beings and on the environment. Daphnia is a water flea used in this experimentRead MoreHospital Management System4215 Words   |  17 PagesHospital Management System Project Report On â€Å"Hospital Management System† Submitted By: 1. Mansi Chitkara. 2. Namita Khandelwal. 3. Avinash Chaporkar. Guided By: Mrs. Kapila Pareek Assistant Professor IIIM, Jaipur. Team Number: - 09 International School of Informatics Management Formerly India International Institute of Management 1 Hospital Management System CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Hospital Management System embodies the original work done by Mansi ChitkaraRead MoreEssay Iron Deficiency Anemia3208 Words   |  13 Pagesmedstudents.com.br/hemat/hemat4.htm). Low ferritin (iron storage molecule) and high TIBC (total iron binding capacity) levels also indicate Iron Deficiency Anemia (http://www.ohsu.edu/som-hemonc/handouts/deloughery/printanemia.html). As the concentration of hemoglobin in the Red Blood Cells falls below normal, the total Red Blood Cell count consequently decreases. Therefore, oxygen cannot be adequately carried. (http://www.mayohealth.org/mayo/pted/htm/iron.htm). Normal Values of the

Supply Chain Management - Toyota Motor Corporation

Question: Discuss about the Supply Chain Management for Toyota Motor Corporation. Answer: Introduction Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japan based company with its headquarter at Toyota Aichi. It is a Multinational company which has more than 3.5 lakhs employees all over the world and has ranked 13th in 2016 in terms of revenue. It is the first automotive company that produces more than 10 million vehicles in a year. The company was founded in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda and the most famous brands of Toyota are Lexux, Ranz, Scion and Hino. It is one of the largest multinational of the world. The report discusses the supply chain management of Toyota. It explains the key flows in supply chain where in the effectiveness of the information flow, product flow, return flow and cash flow of Toyota is explained. The make process of Toyota is discussed where in the effectiveness of the production planning process and planning for material requirement are examined through the application of supply chain theories. Lastly, the forecasting models are reviewed and the most effective model is discussed for Toyota Company. The key Flows in Supply Chain The key flows of supply chain refer to the product flow, information flow and money flow. The product flow indicates the flow from the starting of the product development, ie from the raw material to the end product that reaches the customer. The information flow states the flow of information in both directions from the customers and also from the suppliers (Ahi Searcy, 2013). Money flow again refers to the flow of fund in both directions, from the consumer to the manufacturer and from the manufacturer to the supplier. The product flow of Toyota can be briefed in the below flow chart The flow in supply chain in an automotive firm is his complex due to the nature of the product. The parts are first produced by the suppliers and then send to the assembly plants through the inbound logistics (Barney,2012). The assembly plant is denoted as factory in the above flow chart where the vehicle is first brought in the body shop, then to the paint shop and then to assembly and finally to inspection. After the vehicle is produced, it is send to the outbound logistics through which it moves to the dealer point. The information flow in Toyota is followed by value stream mapping that helps to track the flow of information and material across the development of product. The following flow chart explains the flow of the information The flow chart explain the flow of information across the company to have quick responses to the customer requirements and to reduce the lead time between the order received from the customer to the delivery of the product to the customer. The processes are connected with continuous pull and flow of materials (Christopher, 2016). And the information flow is simplified by having a clear idea of the customer requirements on the time, volume, quantity and the production mix. The flow loop and the value stream in the company has to settle the time required for each task which need to be followed at all levels so that the company is able to spread the information across its employees and companies effectively The money flow in the company is mainly from the stock holders. The flow is addressed in the flow chart. The fund flows from the stock holders to board of directors, who are the owners of the company (Coyle et al.,2016). The fund is then allocated by the President to the Treasurer and controller who allocates and supervise the flow of money in the company. In flow of money is properly organised in Toyota for having effective supply chain management. The transporters and the suppliers gets the payments on time and the product movement from the suppliers to the ultimate customer happens without any hindrance or shortage of fund flow required for meeting the required expenses (Seuring, 2013). The total flow of finance is controlled by the controller of finance and the treasurer is responsible for the maintaining the reserves. The Make Process The make process refers to the operational process that are executed periodically to ensure effective and efficient supply and logistic management. The major process in it are production planning and scheduling and material requirement planning process of Toyota company, so that ultimately the supply chain management is efficiently handled (Tayur, Ganeshan Magazine, 2012). The production scheduling of Toyota involves the method of dealing with monthly orders and based on the orders, the forecast is done for the future sales. Further a date for production is assigned to the vehicles and each vehicle is given a sequence. Basically Heijunka principle is used by the company to create a schedule for production that is spread across each day of each production month. Heijunka means smoothing in Japanese language and the production schedule is spread across the production month smoothly according to the weightage given to each parts of automobile. For example, production of engine is given more weghitage than body colour as if the production of engine gets affected then it has much more negative impact on manufacturing of automobiles than any other parts. Production scheduling involves setting up of production month that is different from the calendar month. Every calendar year has a production month and Toyota has assigned 52to 53 weeks for production in a year. Once the production plan is made, the scheduled production dates are sent to the dealers with the tentative build date of each vehicle. Based on these dates, the orders are taken by the consumers and a copy of the production schedule is sent to each assembly plants The materials required for production are also planned accordingly. There are generally two different processes, one is for the local material requirement and other is for the overseas material requirement. The local materials are to be placed in the exact sequence which is required for the assembling of the parts to make the vehicle. It require exact calculation of time schedule when the parts ae to be assembled. Any mistake or missing the scheduled time for a second may lead to loss of production of several cars and affects the overall monthly volume of production. The overseas material requirement refers to making adjustment in production according to the shipping frequency and the size of the lot. The key component of the production planning and material planning process are the setting up of standard work hours, and overtime hours. The standard work hours for every day is schedule to be 16 in Toyota Company and overtime is adjusted according to the condition of the operations in the plant. Another important component is Takt time which refers to the speed of the assembly line. Generally the takt time is 60 seconds which means the time taken by the vehicle to move from one station to another (Bozarth Handfield, 2016). Any delay in this time, delays the production and affects the turnover of production in the company. The other component is operations rate which means the percentage of time that the assembly line runs t the normal production rate. In Toyota plant, it is set at less than 100 percent (Brandenburg et al., 2014). The company give more importance to quality and so the workers are instructed to stop the assembly line if any problem occurs. The operation rate reduces by the amount of time taken for correcting the vehicle. The vehicle per hour and vehicle per day are also the component of the planning process which calculates the total work hour. The model ratio and model volume calculates the ratio of production for a particular model. The Supply Chain Forecasting The supply chain forecasting is done by the organization to keep the pace of growth in the industry and maintain competitive position against the rival firms. However, the forecasting and anticipatory supply chain varies across the sectors and companies (Fawcett, Ellram Ogden, 2014). However, there are few principles that should be followed to develop a supply chain forecasting. The principles are regionalization, new kinds of talent and tighter connections with strategies. The multinational corporations try to develop effective supply chain system in every region where they move in. Adoption of local supply chain system and moulding their system according to the local requirement refers to regionalization of the supply chain management system. In todays era of globalization, it is important to obtain the regional adoptability skills by the managers to succeed his company in the foreign market (Monczka et al., 2015). The two most famous supply chain forecasting methods are optimization and simulation techniques. In optimization which is base on a mixed integer program, forecast demand so that the plans for the production, inventory and transportation can be drawn, based on which the supply chain cost can be minimised. The other method of forecasting is simulation techniques which help to execute management plans on regular basis by using the demand history over a four year period. There have been several centres in the world where the cost of production is very low, the multinationals take advantage of this and shift their production to this place. Such regionalization of production requires proper supply chain management of the product by the company (Schnsleben,2016).The optimization techniques helps in deriving the advantages from such centres. The markets where the inputs are not available at low cost, the company tries to localize the supply network so that the cost of production reduces (Stadtler, 2015). The company need to forecast the supply chain management of such market effectively so that there is no delay in the supply of the goods. The simulation technique can be used for effective results In the past supply chain management was not considered as apart of the strategy but gradually Toyota executives and CEO realized the importance of supply chain management and it became an important part of strategies for effective return of the company. The proactive actions on supply chain system help the company to solve the trivial issues and increase the efficiency of the production of organization. The forecasting of supply chain management requires a different kind of talent with integrate background that could combine the global experience with creative problem solving and analytical skills (Christopher,2016). It requires true innovations and many companies have started giving importance to the forecasting of supply chain management and recognized its importance in the future Toyota has developed a Kanban system to handle the supply chain management effectively. It helps in maintaining inventories by sending visual signals for delivery of new shipment and production. The signals are tracked through replacement cycles and help the suppliers and buyers in understanding the requirements (Wisner,Tan Leong, 2014). The development of Kanban system was done to understand the operations of super markets in United States. It has used the demand rate of the market to control the production rate by passing the demand from the customer to producer through the supply chain system. This approach is called as the pull system where the supply and production of goods is determined by the consumer demand. Traditionally Kanban cards were used to notify the suppliers. Now it has been replaced by electronic system where the signals are sent automatically to the suppliers once the customers consume the resources. It has been implemented in Enterprise Resource Planning System such as Microsoft Dynamics and SAP ERP Figure1: The Kanban Sysiem in SAP ERP (Source: Waters Rinsler, 2014) The figure shows the Kanban system in SP ERP used to track the shortage of supply and to link the demand directly with the production and supply of the good. Conclusion The paper explains the supply chain management system of Toyota Motor Corporation. It explains the key flows in supply chain, the make process of Toyota and the forecasting models of Toyota Company. The method of supply chain used by the company is good and meets the requirement of the company. However, in international market to compete against the local firm, the company needs to upgrade its supply chain management effectively by applying advance level of Enterprise Resource Planning system. The simulation technique is suggested here as it helps in deriving expected returns on daily basis. Further, the company need to train their workers on regular basis to reduce the loss of production due to poor time management during the assembling of the product. The management of time and the prompt response to the problem during assembling is very vital and company can achieve it only by vigorous training of the employees. Under the situation, if the daily basis expected report is available, as in Simulation technique, the company can overcome the shortages effectively. References Ahi, P., Searcy, C. (2013). A comparative literature analysis of definitions for green and sustainable supply chain management.Journal of Cleaner Production,52, 329-341. Barney, J. B. (2012). Purchasing, supply chain management and sustained competitive advantage: The relevance of resource based theory.Journal of Supply Chain Management,48(2), 3-6. Bozarth, C. B., Handfield, R. B. (2016).Introduction to operations and supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J., Seuring, S. (2014). Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions.European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), 299-312. Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Coyle, J. J., Langley, C. J., Novack, R. A., Gibson, B. (2016).Supply chain management: a logistics perspective. Nelson Education. Fawcett, S. E., Ellram, L., Ogden, J. A. (2014).Supply Chain Management: From Vision to ImplementationAn Integrative Approach. Pearson Higher Ed. Monczka, R. M., Handfield, R. B., Giunipero, L. C., Patterson, J. L. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Schnsleben, P. (2016).Integral logistics management: Operations and supply chain management within and across companies. CRC Press. Seuring, S. (2013). A review of modeling approaches for sustainable supply chain management.Decision support systems,54(4), 1513-1520. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Tayur, S., Ganeshan, R., Magazine, M. (Eds.). (2012).Quantitative models for supply chain management(Vol. 17). Springer Science Business Media. TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE. (2009).TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION GLOBAL WEBSITE. Retrieved 29 July 2016, from https://www.toyota-global.com/ Waters, D., Rinsler, S. (2014).Global logistics: New directions in supply chain management. Kogan Page Publishers. Wisner, J. D., Tan, K. C., Leong, G. K. (2014).Principles of supply chain management: a balanced approach. Cengage Learning.

Safety and Legal Responsibilities of Registered Nurses - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Safety and Legal Responsibilities of Registered Nurses. Answer: In every workplace or organization, there are rules that govern the employees. These rules and regulations help them in their way of conduct within and without their work premises. In hospitals, for example, the Clinical nurses have rules and regulations that govern their code of conduct on how they should handle the patient and themselves. The nurses have the responsibility of making sure that the patients safety is monitored throughout their treatment. The patients on the other hand also have a responsibility of making sure that they take care of themselves at the medical facilities. The nurses should be accountable and responsible for their actions, decisions, and evaluations of their own practice (Lachman, 2012). Most patients have complained about how the nurses handle them at the medical facilities and there are several related issues arising on the mismanagement of patients at the facilities and this put their lives at risk as far as safety is concerned. It is the responsibili ty of clinical officers to make sure that their patients feel safe first by offering psychological, emotional and even physical support before any kind of treatment. Both the patient and the nurses safety is important in the medical facilities for a better and conducive environment for the nurse to perform her duties diligently and for the patient to receive quality medical attention. It is also a nurses legal responsibility to be responsible for his or her own acts. The nurses should make sure that the patients get right diagnosis for their illness or injuries. Misdiagnosis and failure to the diagnosis of an illness or injury are one of the problems experienced by patients yet it is a legal responsibility of the nurses (Tilse Wilson, 2013). Misdiagnosis or failure to diagnose a patient can lead to various complications that may need another diagnosis, this mostly happens either because of improper Medicare, delayed treatment or no absolute treatment. This can also happen due of lack of communication or poor communication between the nurse and the patient (Trinkoff et al., 2008). It is important that the nurse gets adequate information from the patient before any diagnosis is done and if the nurse is not conversant with the symptoms it is good to her to consult the doctor in charge for further assessment. The medical facilities should make sure that they have all the required medications and the employed nurses should be willing and well trained to do their jobs. The patients often depend on the nurses and the doctors for better treatment and diagnosis, and in such event, the patients do not feel safe enough to get treatment and medication again from the same nurse or even medical facility (Lim, Bogossian Ahern, 2010). To have an environment where both the patient and the nurse feel safe, both the patient and the nurse need to take responsibilities, for the patients they need to make sure that they feel safe and get quality treatment and medication at the facilities and the nurses, on the other hand, need to feel safe at their medical facilities and even wit h their patients to make sure that both of them work in a safe environment for better and quality services. References Lachman, V. D. (2012). Applying the ethics of care to your nursing practice.Medsurg Nursing,21(2), 112. Lim, J., Bogossian, F., Ahern, K. (2010). Stress and coping in Australian nurses: a systematic review. InternationalNursing Review, 57(1), 22-31. doi:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2009 Tilse, C., Wilson, J. (2013). Recognizing and responding to financial abuse in residential aged care. The Journal of Adult Protection, 15(3), 141-152. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JAP- 11-2012-0025 Trinkoff, A. M.,Geiger-Brown, J. M., Caruso, C. C., Lipscomb, J. A., Johantgen, M. Nelson, A. L., ... Selby, V. L. (2008). Personal safety for nurses. In R. G. Hughes (Ed.)., Patient Safety and Quality: an Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses (pp. 1-36). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).